PROTOCOLE D'ATELIER DIESEL OBD-II8-10 min read
P0261Carburant & Pression RailGravité élevée💡 Voyant moteur allumé⚠️ Mode dégradé actif

P0261: Circuit de commande de l'injecteur cylindre 1 - niveau bas / court-circuit à la masse

Le code défaut P0261 indique que le calculateur de contrôle moteur (calculateur d'injection) a détecté que la tension électrique sur le circuit de commande de l'injecteur du cylindre 1 est descendue sous les seuils opérationnels calibrés, ou qu'un courant excessif s'écoule directement vers la masse. Sur les systèmes d'injection diesel à rampe commune, l'injecteur est alimenté sous haute tension (80V - 200V) issue de l'étage élévateur de tension (convertisseur boost) du calculateur, et la fermeture du circuit vers la masse est pilotée par un transistor de puissance MOSFET rapide. Le code P0261 est mémorisé lorsque la ligne de commande côté masse est court-circuitée au châssis, qu'un claquage d'isolement interne met la bobine ou l'actionneur en court-circuit avec la culasse, ou que le driver de sortie du calculateur détecte une montée en courant anormalement rapide.

🚗 PROTOCOLE CONDUCTEUR & RÉPARATION

🚗 Sécurité d'exploitation, coûts typiques et vérification diagnostique

🔴 Critique : Arrêt immédiat / Remorquage requis
  1. 01

    🚦 Sécurité de conduite et risque mécanique

    Évaluation immédiate et nécessité de remorquage

    Court-circuit à la masse du circuit d'injecteur cylindre 1 - Risque pour les condensateurs de l'ECU

    Le circuit de commande de l'injecteur du cylindre 1 est en court-circuit à la masse châssis. Sur un système à rampe commune, une ligne de commande haute tension à la masse active la protection contre les surintensités de l'ECU et coupe l'étage de puissance du banc.

    RISQUES MÉCANIQUES EN CAS DE CONDUITE PROLONGÉE :Un court-circuit permanent peut détruire l'étage interne des condensateurs élévateurs de tension (boosters) dans le calculateur moteur (ECU).
  2. 02

    💰 Budget typique de réparation en atelier

    Fourchettes de coûts prévues pour pièces et main-d'œuvre
    Entretien léger / Purge filtre45 € - 95 € : Localisation du point de pincement sur le faisceau et réparation soudure sous gaine thermorétractable

    Nettoyage de capteur, remplacement du filtre à carburant, contrôle de fusible ou des connecteurs.

    Remplacement vanne / Capteur220 € - 520 € : Remplacement de l'injecteur cylindre 1 si le bobinage interne est en court-circuit avec la carcasse

    Remplacement d’un composant (régulateur de pression, vanne de dosage ou injecteur reconditionné).

    Réfection majeure / Pompe et injecteurs750 € - 1 800 € : Réparation de l'étage de puissance de l'ECU ou remplacement complet du faisceau moteur

    Révision de pompe haute pression, jeu d’injecteurs neufs ou remplacement de l’ensemble FAP.

    Tarifs indicatifs d’atelier. Les données indiquent que plus de 70% des cas sont résolus aux niveaux 1 ou 2 sans remplacer les sous-ensembles complets.

  3. 03

    🧰 Vérifications visuelles et simples au garage

    Diagnostic rapide en 5 minutes sans outil avant d'appeler le garage
    11. Inspecter le cheminement du faisceau de l'injecteur 1 au niveau de l'arête du couvre-culasse métallique et des supports de rampe pour détecter d'éventuels frottements.
    22. Débrancher le connecteur de l'injecteur et mesurer la résistance entre chaque fil et la borne négative de la batterie (doit afficher un circuit ouvert / OL).
    33. Mesurer la résistance d'isolement entre les broches de l'injecteur et son corps métallique. Toute mesure inférieure à 500 kOhm indique un claquage interne de la bobine.
  4. 04

    🛡️ Bouclier anti-surfacturation mécanicien

    Questions précises à poser pour éviter les remplacements inutiles de pièces
    ""Débranchez l'injecteur du cylindre 1 et vérifiez si le défaut de court-circuit à la masse bascule en circuit ouvert ; cela permet de déterminer si le problème vient de l'injecteur ou du faisceau.""
    ""Ne remplacez pas l'ECU sans avoir préalablement effectué un test d'isolement sous 250 V au mégohmmètre sur le câblage moteur.""
    ""Vérifiez la propreté et le serrage des tresses de masse moteur entre la culasse et le châssis, avec une résistance devant être strictement inférieure à 0,2 Ohm.""

    Note technique : Posez ces questions techniques à votre mécanicien avant d'accepter des devis élevés :

🔧 PROTOCOLE ATELIER & AVIS PROFESSIONNELRAPID ASSESSMENT

Triage atelier en 30 secondes

Symptômes principaux
  • Violent engine shaking, severe shudder, and continuous single-cylinder misfire under all operating conditions
  • Significant loss of vehicle acceleration, sluggish throttle response, and inability to maintain highway cruising speeds
  • Illuminated Check Engine Light (MIL) accompanied by flashing glow plug warning light and ESP/traction warning
Causes probables
  • Cylinder 1 injector low-side control wire pinched, chafed, or shorted to vehicle chassis ground against the cylinder head or valve cover
  • Internal dielectric breakdown or winding short to ground inside the Cylinder 1 fuel injector electromagnetic solenoid or piezo stack
  • Corroded, wet, or water-contaminated terminal pins inside the Cylinder 1 injector connector creating a conductive path to ground
Première action requise

Connect scan tool live telemetry: compare Target Fuel Rail Pressure vs Actual Rail Pressure and log metering valve command PWM duty cycle during idle and road load.

Expensive Diagnostic Pitfall & Technical Reality

❌ Erreur fréquente en atelier:

P0261 means Cylinder 1 common rail fuel injector has failed internally and must be replaced immediately with full coding ($450 - $900).

🔍 Réalité technique et hydraulique:

P0261 indicates that the ECM's injector driver circuit detected that the Cylinder 1 high-side or low-side signal wire is shorted to ground or has an abnormally low voltage during actuation. In over 80% of verified cases, the injector solenoid coil itself is in perfect working order. The failure is driven by the engine wiring harness chafing through its protective sleeve and shorting to the cylinder head aluminum casing, engine oil contamination inside the valve cover harness connector, or terminal pins in the ECM plug being pushed back.

💡 Protocole de vérification technique:

Unnecessarily spending $650 on a new injector vs finding the harness rub-through with a multimeter ($0) and insulating with $5 heatshrink, saving over $600.

Severe ECM Driver Overcurrent Burnout & Short-Circuit Hazard

CRITICAL WORKSHOP WARNING: A low-resistance short to ground in a high-voltage common rail injector circuit is an extreme electrical hazard for the vehicle's engine computer! Because the circuit carries 80V to 200V DC, a dead short to chassis ground allows enormous instantaneous peak currents (>50 Amperes) to surge across the ECM output stage. While the ECM contains internal protective shutoff logic, repeated key cycles or extended cranking under a hard short will thermally degrade and destroy the internal surface-mount MOSFET power transistor.

MANDATORY PROTOCOL: Never attempt to bypass fuses, install higher-rated fuses, or continuously crank an engine setting code P0261! Disconnect the Cylinder 1 injector and inspect the harness for chafing against the metal fuel rail, brackets, and valve cover immediately.

PLATFORM ARCHITECTURE

Moteurs et plateformes d'injection les plus touchés

Ce code défaut affecte principalement les plates-formes diesel à rampe commune suivantes. Consultez votre famille de moteurs pour les causes de panne et références de pièces associées :

BMW 2.0d / 3.0d (N47 / N57 / M57TU2)

Bosch CRI2.5 / CRI3.0 Common Rail

Mode de défaillance constructeur : Injector balance drift beyond +/- 4.0 mg/stroke, glow plug control unit (BERU) power lead failure, DPF backpressure accumulation.

Composant clé :13537805428, 0445116024, 12217801201

Ford / PSA 1.6 TDCi / HDi (DV6ATED4 / DLD-416)

Bosch CRI2-16 Common Rail System

Mode de défaillance constructeur : Injector copper washer blow-by (black death), injector cylinder circuit fretting corrosion, DPF pressure pipes heat cracking.

Composant clé :0445110239, 1980J7, 1618LP

Volkswagen / Audi 2.0 TDI (EA189 / CFFB / CFGB)

Bosch EDC17 Common Rail System

Mode de défaillance constructeur : Piezo stack degradation, injector harness terminal fretting, DPF differential pressure sensor silicone tube split.

Composant clé :03L130277, 0445110369, 076906051A

Mercedes-Benz 2.1 CDI (OM651 / OM646)

Delphi CRD2 / Bosch Common Rail Injection

Mode de défaillance constructeur : Delphi piezo to solenoid conversion wiring harness chafing, differential pressure sensor internal diaphragm drift.

Composant clé :A6510704987, A6510700587, A0061539528
WORKSHOP MASTER TEARDOWN GUIDE

P0201-P0204 Injector Circuit Diagnosis Guide

Workshop troubleshooting guide for OBD-II codes P0201 to P0204 (Cylinder 1-4 Injector Circuit Malfunction). Resistance test specs, harness checks, and ECU driver stage.

Read Full Master Guide →
THEORY OF OPERATION

Circuit de commande & Logique d'actionneur

1. Dynamic In-Demand Fuel Metering

The Cylinder 1 common rail fuel injector circuit consists of a high-side supply line and a low-side control line. When firing, the ECM high-side driver gates an 80V-200V capacitor pulse, while the low-side driver pulls the return wire to ground, completing the circuit. The low-side circuit incorporates an internal diagnostic sense resistor. When the injector de-energizes, the collapsing magnetic field generates an inductive flyback voltage spike that is captured and evaluated by the ECM. If the low-side wire is pinched against the engine block, voltage remains pinned to 0V (ground), triggering P0261.

2. Closed-Loop PID Deviation Monitoring

The ECM executes circuit diagnostics both continuously during engine running and statically at Key-ON. If the voltage on the Cylinder 1 low-side driver line remains below 1.5 V during the un-energized rest state (where pull-up voltage is expected), or if the current-sense circuit detects immediate over-current upon initial gating, P0261 is set. To prevent the short circuit from draining the ECM's shared boost capacitor (which would shut down the entire cylinder bank), the ECM de-energizes the high-side supply to Cylinder 1.

3. Diagnostic Trap: Normally Open (NO) vs Normally Closed (NC) Valves

Short-to-Ground vs Internal Actuator Short Diagnostic Rule: A P0261 'Circuit Low' can be caused by the wiring harness rubbing against the metallic valve cover, OR by internal dielectric breakdown inside the injector solenoid/piezo stack. Unplug the Cylinder 1 injector: if P0261 immediately flips to P0201 (Open Circuit), the wiring harness and ECM driver are 100% HEALTHY-the injector itself is shorted internally to ground! If P0261 remains with the injector completely unplugged, the wiring harness wire is pinched to ground.

ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS

Valeurs de référence électriques & hydrauliques

Solenoid Coil DC ResistanceSolenoid Injector Coil: 0.20 - 0.45 Ω @ 20°C; Piezo Injector: 180 kΩ - 220 kΩ (Capacitance: 2.5 - 3.5 µF)Measured @ 20°C across terminals 1 & 2
Insulation Resistance> 10 MΩ measured between injector terminal pins and cylinder head metal chassis (tested with 250V/500V insulation tester)Between terminals and pump body (ground)
Operating Supply VoltageECM Internal Boost Voltage: 80 V - 90 V DC (Solenoid) or 140 V - 200 V DC (Piezo); Diagnostic rest voltage: 12.0 V - 14.5 VHigh-side feed from ECM / main relay
PWM Frequency StandardGround-switched PWM high-speed driver; Slew rate rise time < 50 µs; Inductive clamp peak current: 20 A - 30 ASquare-wave PWM modulation
Idle Duty Cycle (Warm Engine)Cylinder 1 Smooth Running Balance Offset (SRC): Nominal -1.5 to +1.5 mg/stroke (exceeding ±3.5 mg/stroke flags imbalance)Nominal baseline at 250–350 bar
Full-Load Duty Cycle (WOT)Short-Circuit Trip Threshold: Measured low-side voltage < 1.5 V during Key-ON static pull-up diagnostic windowMaximum high-speed fuel delivery demand
Low-Pressure Feed SupplySystem Feed: +3.5 to +5.5 bar (electric in-tank pump) / < 0.2 bar vacuum (mechanical); Harness Line Resistance: < 0.4 Ω end-to-end between ECM pin and Cylinder 1 injector connectorMeasured at pump fuel inlet
Internal Cascade BackpressureInsulation Resistance Trip Limit: Resistance to ground < 100 kΩ causes instant driver shutdown and P0261Controlled by overflow cascade valve
PROCEDURAL PROTOCOL

Protocole de Diagnostic Atelier pas à pas

STEP 1

Unplug Diagnostic Flip Test (Isolating Harness vs Injector)

Turn the ignition Key-ON with the engine stopped. Clear stored trouble codes. Unplug the electrical connector from the Cylinder 1 fuel injector while monitoring live scan tool codes. If code P0261 immediately clears and transforms into P0201 (Cylinder 1 Circuit Open), the vehicle wiring harness and ECM driver are 100% HEALTHY-the injector itself is internally shorted to ground! If P0261 persists with the injector completely disconnected, the wiring harness is shorted to ground.

STEP 2

High-Voltage Megohmmeter (Insulation Resistance) Test

With the Cylinder 1 injector removed or disconnected, use an automotive insulation tester (Megohmmeter) set to 250V or 500V test voltage. Connect one lead to the metal injector body and the other to each terminal pin in turn. Insulation resistance must be greater than 10 MΩ (typically >100 MΩ). Any reading below 10 MΩ confirms internal ceramic or enamel insulation breakdown arcing to ground under load.

STEP 3

Precision Four-Wire Low-Resistance Coil Measurement

Using a milliohm meter or digital multimeter with lead-zeroing on the lowest ohms scale, measure resistance across the two pins of the Cylinder 1 injector: normal resistance for solenoid injectors is 0.20 Ω to 0.45 Ω @ 20°C; for piezo injectors, 180 kΩ to 220 kΩ. A reading of 0.0 Ω (dead short) indicates fused coil windings.

STEP 4

Harness Short-to-Ground Ohms Continuity Audit

If the unplug test indicated a harness fault, turn Key-OFF and disconnect the ECM main harness plug. Using a multimeter on ohms scale, measure resistance between the Cylinder 1 low-side control wire pin and vehicle chassis ground. Resistance must be infinite (OL). If resistance is low (<100 Ω), visually trace the harness over the valve cover, bellhousing, and intake manifold to locate rubbed-through insulation.

STEP 5

Connector Water Ingress & Pin Inspection

Inspect the Cylinder 1 connector seal and terminal cavities. Engine oil pooling from leaking valve cover gaskets or coolant from a leaking coolant flange can seep into the connector, creating an electrolytic short circuit between the high-voltage pin and engine ground. Clean thoroughly with electronic contact cleaner and inspect terminal pin retention.

STEP 6

Oscilloscope Ground-Side Switching Waveform Verification

Back-probe the low-side control wire with an oscilloscope. Crank the engine: verify that the low-side driver pulls the signal cleanly to ground during firing and releases cleanly with a sharp flyback voltage clamp. If the trace remains permanently flat at ground (0V), the internal ECM low-side driver MOSFET has failed shorted.

COMPONENT-LEVEL REPAIR

Réparation matérielle & Nomenclature sous-ensembles

Cylinder 1 Common Rail Injector Drive & Wiring Subsystem

Bosch CRI2 / CRI3 Solenoid Injector Assembly - Cylinder 1

0 445 110 369 / 0 445 116 059

High-speed electro-hydraulic fuel injector with calibrated pilot/main injection metering

OEM: Protocol: Replace only if solenoid coil is shorted to ground (<10 Megohms insulation to casing)
High-Temperature 2-Pin Injector Connector Repair Kit with Silicone Boots

1 928 498 056 / Tyco Junior Timer 2-Way

Provides positive terminal spring tension to withstand 150V injection pulse vibrations

OEM: Protocol: Replace if locking tang is broken or inner orange seal is swollen
Engine Rocker Bay Sub-Harness Loom (Under-Valve-Cover Loom)

OEM Heat-Shielded Injector Sub-Loom

Protects injector command lines from constant 120°C hot engine oil splash

OEM: Protocol: Replace if wires feel hard/brittle or oil has wicked into electrical terminals
Workshop Technical & Economic Benchmark: Digital multimeter with insulation resistance testing; Injector terminal de-pinning kit; Injector hold-down clamp bolt: engine specific (e.g. 8 Nm + 90°).
LIVE WORKSHOP TOOL

Calculateur dynamique de tolérances Common Rail

Injector Solenoid & Piezo Resistance Inspector

Perform the definitive coil resistance check: Measure resistance across the two injector pins directly (0.25 - 0.45 ohms normal). Then measure between either pin and the injector outer steel body (must read >10 Megohms). If casing resistance is < 1 Megohm, coil is shorted to ground.

📐 Factory Engineering Tolerance: Min Insulation to Body: > 10 Megohms
OEM REPLACEMENTS

Composants d'injection associés

Les pompes à carburant et injecteurs à rampe commune d'origine suivants sont vérifiés pour les moteurs signalant le code P0261. Vérifiez les pressions de service avant le remplacement :

Common Rail Injector

0445110239BOSCH

0445110239 Injector: PSA 1.6 HDi Ford 1.6 TDCi Specs

View Technical Specs & Fitment →
Common Rail Injector

0445110369BOSCH

0445110369 Injector: VW 2.0 TDI EA189 CFFB CFHC Specs

View Technical Specs & Fitment →
Common Rail Injector

0445116024BOSCH

BOSCH 0445116024 Common Rail Piezo Injector for BMW N47 2.0d & N57 3.0d

View Technical Specs & Fitment →
Common Rail Injector

095000-5880Denso

095000-5880 Denso Toyota 2KD-FTV Injector: 23670-30050 Data

View Technical Specs & Fitment →
Common Rail Injector

28337917Delphi

28337917 Delphi Bobcat D24 Injector: 7030364 Specs & Data

View Technical Specs & Fitment →
Common Rail Injector

095000-8340Denso

095000-8340 Denso Mitsubishi 4D56 HP Injector: 1465A367 Data

View Technical Specs & Fitment →
CALIBRATION RELEARN

Réinitialisation de la pompe HP & Cycle d'apprentissage

Following replacement of the Cylinder 1 fuel injector or repair of the shorted wiring harness, execute the calibration routine:

1. Enter the new 6-to-30 digit alphanumeric calibration code (IMA / QR code) stamped on the top of the new Cylinder 1 injector into the ECM via scan tool.

2. Clear all stored trouble codes and ensure battery voltage is fully charged (>12.5 V).

3. Access scan tool 'Engine Control Module' -> 'Special Functions' -> select 'Reset Injector Driver Stage Fault Memory'.

4. Start the engine and let it idle at full operating temperature (coolant >80°C) for 5 minutes without touching the accelerator.

5. The ECM will perform smooth-running control (SRC) zero-fuel calibration cycles to re-balance cylinder torque.

6. Conduct a 15-minute road test through all gear ranges, verifying smooth idle, instant throttle response, and zero pending DTCs.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Diagnostic différentiel & Codes associés

P0201

Injector Circuit/Open - Cylinder 1

Companion open-circuit fault on Cylinder 1; unplugging a shorted injector will transform P0261 into P0201, confirming the injector is bad.

P0262

Cylinder 1 Injector Circuit High

Opposite electrical circuit failure: occurs when the injector control wire is shorted to 12V battery power or 80V boost supply.

P0301

Cylinder 1 Misfire Detected

Direct mechanical consequence: because the ECM disables the shorted Cylinder 1 injector, Cylinder 1 fails to fire, setting misfire code P0301.

FIELD REPAIR REPORTS

Cas pratiques d'atelier

CASE #1

2015 Ford Focus 2.0 TDCi (DW10C)(168,000 km)

Reported Complaint:Sudden severe misfire and shaking with check engine light; DTC P0261 logged.
Teardown Root Cause:Unplugged Cylinder 1 injector: terminal resistance read 0.35 Ohms (normal). Tested harness plug to chassis ground: signal wire read 0.2 Ohms (dead short to ground). Traced harness behind intake camshaft: wire had chafed through against a metal retaining clip.
Repair Solution:Repaired chafed wire with dual-wall heatshrink and added protective rubber sleeve to clip. Engine started and ran vibration-free with zero fault codes.
DIAGNOSTIC FAQ

Questions techniques fréquentes

Que signifie le code défaut P0261 ?

Le code défaut P0261 indique que le calculateur de contrôle moteur (calculateur d'injection) a détecté que la tension électrique sur le circuit de commande de l'injecteur du cylindre 1 est descendue sous les seuils opérationnels calibrés, ou qu'un courant excessif s'écoule directement vers la masse. Sur les systèmes d'injection diesel à rampe commune, l'injecteur est alimenté sous haute tension (80V - 200V) issue de l'étage élévateur de tension (convertisseur boost) du calculateur, et la fermeture du circuit vers la masse est pilotée par un transistor de puissance MOSFET rapide. Le code P0261 est mémorisé lorsque la ligne de commande côté masse est court-circuitée au châssis, qu'un claquage d'isolement interne met la bobine ou l'actionneur en court-circuit avec la culasse, ou que le driver de sortie du calculateur détecte une montée en courant anormalement rapide.

Quels sont les symptômes les plus fréquents de P0261 ?

Violent engine shaking, severe shudder, and continuous single-cylinder misfire under all operating conditions, Significant loss of vehicle acceleration, sluggish throttle response, and inability to maintain highway cruising speeds, Illuminated Check Engine Light (MIL) accompanied by flashing glow plug warning light and ESP/traction warning, Heavy puffing of white or grey unburned diesel smoke from exhaust pipe during cold start and acceleration, Strong, pungent odor of raw diesel fuel surrounding the vehicle exhaust and engine bay, Diagnostic scan tool live data shows Cylinder 1 contribution balance pegged at maximum positive fuel trim (+4.5 to +6.0 mg/stroke).

Quelles sont les causes de P0261 sur un diesel ?

Cylinder 1 injector low-side control wire pinched, chafed, or shorted to vehicle chassis ground against the cylinder head or valve cover; Internal dielectric breakdown or winding short to ground inside the Cylinder 1 fuel injector electromagnetic solenoid or piezo stack; Corroded, wet, or water-contaminated terminal pins inside the Cylinder 1 injector connector creating a conductive path to ground; Damaged or shorted internal low-side MOSFET power transistor inside the Engine Control Module (ECM); Engine wiring harness crushed or pinched under an engine bracket, alternator mount, or intake manifold flange during prior service; Insulation melting caused by wiring harness contact with the hot exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) pipe or turbocharger heat shield.

Est-il prudent de rouler avec le code P0261 actif ?

🟡 Attention : Mode dégradé actif / Réparation requise

Combien coûte la réparation du code défaut P0261 ?

Le coût moyen de réparation du code défaut P0261 dépend de la cause racine et du niveau de diagnostic : Niveau 1 (Entretien mineur / DIY) : 45 € - 95 € : Localisation du point de pincement sur le faisceau et réparation soudure sous gaine thermorétractable (Nettoyage de capteur, remplacement du filtre à carburant, contrôle de fusible ou des connecteurs.); Niveau 2 (Remplacement composant) : 220 € - 520 € : Remplacement de l'injecteur cylindre 1 si le bobinage interne est en court-circuit avec la carcasse (Remplacement d’un composant (régulateur de pression, vanne de dosage ou injecteur reconditionné).); Niveau 3 (Sous-ensemble complet) : 750 € - 1 800 € : Réparation de l'étage de puissance de l'ECU ou remplacement complet du faisceau moteur (Révision de pompe haute pression, jeu d’injecteurs neufs ou remplacement de l’ensemble FAP.). Tarifs indicatifs d’atelier. Les données indiquent que plus de 70% des cas sont résolus aux niveaux 1 ou 2 sans remplacer les sous-ensembles complets.

What is the difference between code P0201 and code P0261?

P0201 is an OPEN circuit fault: current cannot flow because a wire is broken, a terminal pin is loose, or an internal coil winding has snapped. P0261 is a SHORT TO GROUND (Circuit Low) fault: current is escaping directly to the engine metal body before completing its normal path, either because the harness wire is pinched against metal or because the internal insulation inside the injector has broken down.

How does unplugging the injector prove whether the wiring or the injector is broken?

This is the fastest test in common rail diagnostics. If you unplug the injector and the code changes from P0261 (Circuit Low) to P0201 (Circuit Open), you have proven 100% that the wiring harness is NOT shorted to ground (because if the harness were shorted, unplugging the injector wouldn't change anything; the wire would still be touching ground). Therefore, the short was inside the injector itself, and replacing the injector will cure the car.

Can water in the engine bay cause trouble code P0261?

Yes, very frequently. If someone pressure-washes the engine bay or if water leaks past the scuttle panel drain onto the top of the engine, moisture can enter the injector harness connector. Because common rail injectors operate under high voltage (80V-200V), water acts as an electrical conductor, creating a conductive bridge between the terminal pin and the grounded cylinder head, triggering P0261.